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CHAPTER 14 - REFERENCE MANAGER
INTRODUCTION
Researchers often cite the same reference in several papers
written for different journals. Usually, each journal has
its unique bibliographic style. The 3by5 Plus Reference
Manager helps you rearrange the elements in references
(journals, books and book chapters) to meet the
requirements of a publisher's bibliographic style.
If you need only one reference format for all your
publications, it is not necessary to use the Reference
Manager. Just enter each reference in a field. For
example:
REF McKusick, VA and Ruddle, FH: The status
of the gene map of the human
chromosomes. Science 196: 390-405, 1977.
KEYWORDS GENETICS; HGM
COMMENTS Several updates to this classic paper.
If, however, you publish in journals that have different
formats, you should use the Reference Manager.
The Reference Manager is designed to be as flexible as
possible. It will handle most reference styles. In a few
cases you may need to make minimal changes to the
reformatted reference to meet a publisher's requirements
(much easier than retyping each reference).
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3by5 Chapter 14
3by5 owners: If you cannot find a reference format on the
disk that meets your needs, send us a copy of the format
(samples of the reference style from the journal) and a
blank diskette with return postage. We will design a
format for you or modify the program to include the
format. If you are having trouble converting your
references to our format, send us a copy on disk with
return postage, and we will help develop a conversion
routine.
182
REFERENCE MANAGER
USING THE REFERENCE MANAGER
The easiest way to learn how to use the 3by5 Reference
Manager is by example.
First place a DOS system diskette in drive A and turn on
your computer. The A> prompt should be present. Then
place a copy of the 3by5 Master Diskette in drive A. Type
[3by5] <Enter>. After the program loads, press any key to
continue. Then press [F] for the Files Command and then
[O] for the Open Command. Type [ref] <Enter> to open
the sample reference file. Then type [refstyle] <Enter> to
open the Reference Style File (a file containing various
formats for references). Then press <Esc> to return to the
Master Menu.
SPECIFYING THE REFERENCE STYLE
Method A: Using the Utilities Command
Press [U] for utilities. The program will prompt you:
_____________________________________________________________________
>Screen< References
Screen display utilities
_____________________________________________________________________
Type [R] for the Reference Manager. The program will
then ask you for the number of the Reference Style File.
Press [2]. Then the program will ask you for the number
of the record that contains the reference style format that
you want to use. Press [9] for record nine, which contains
the format for the journal Science. The program will load
the record into memory and return you to the master
menu.
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3by5 Chapter 14
Method B: Using the Search Command
Press [S] to search a file. Type [2] <Enter> to search file
REFSTYLE.3X5. The Search Key prompt will be displayed.
Type [science] <Enter> to search for the journal Science.
The reference style record for Science will be displayed
and the Search Command Menu displayed at the bottom of
the screen:
_____________________________________________________________________
>Search<Edit Key Forward Backward Goto Print Write Load Quit
Continue search
_____________________________________________________________________
Press [L] to load a record. The following prompt will be
displayed:
_____________________________________________________________________
>Print< Reference
Load print form
_____________________________________________________________________
Press [R] to load the current record into memory as the
Reference Style record that will be used to format the
references in REF.3X5. Then press <Esc> three times to
return to the Main Menu.
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REFERENCE MANAGER
Searching Reference Files
Press [S] to search a file. Type [1] <Enter> to select file
one for searching. When the program asks for the search
key press <F2> to search all records. The first record will
be displayed:
_____________________________________________________________________
AUTHORS Anderson, J.R.; Boyle, C.F.; Reiser, B.J.
TITLE Intelligent Tutoring Systems
SOURCE Science
YEAR 1985
VOLUME 228
PAGES 456-462
PUB_CO
PUB_LOC
EDITORS
EDITION#
CODE
KEYWORDS
COMMENTS
STYLE J. R. Anderson, C. F. Boyle, B. J. Reiser, Science
228, 456 (1985).
_____________________________________________________________________
Note that the record has 14 fields. The last field contains
the reference in the style for the journal Science. This
field can be written to another file or printed. Normally,
you do not edit this field. The program inserts the
reformatted reference in this field.
The first ten fields are mandatory and must be named
AUTHORS, TITLE, SOURCE, YEAR, VOLUME, PAGES,
PUB_NAME, PUB_LOC, EDITORS and EDITION# (in upper
case letters).
There must be at least one additional field (STYLE) which
is always the LAST field in the record. Do not enter data
into this field; the program will insert the reformatted
reference into this field.
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3by5 Chapter 14
You may have additional fields between the PAGES field
and the STYLE field. In the above example three fields
are included: CODE, KEYWORDS and COMMENTS.
The SOURCE field contains either the name of a Journal or
Book. The TITLE field contains either the title of an
article in a journal or a chapter in a book. The Reference
Manager distinguishes among the three by the following
rules:
Book: If there is no text in the TITLE field, the reference
is considered a book reference.
Journal: If there is text in the TITLE and SOURCE fields,
but none in the EDITORS field, then the reference is
considered a journal reference.
Chapter: If there is text in the TITLE and SOURCE fields
and in the EDITORS field, the reference is considered a
chapter in a book.
Press [S] to continue the search. Review the other
references in REF.3X5. When you are finished press <Esc>
three times to return to the Main Command Menu. Press
[U] for utilities and then [R] for the Reference Manager.
Select file 2 for the Reference Style File and select record
7.
Press [S] to search. Select file 1. Press <F2> to browse
through the file. You will see that the format of the
reference has changed considerably. It is in the format
used by the New England Journal of Medicine.
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REFERENCE MANAGER
RULES FOR ENTERING DATA INTO REFERENCE FIELDS
The rules for entering data into fields in a reference file
are:
AUTHORS: Format 1: Last name, a comma, a space, initial
of first name, a period, initial of middle name,
a period and the initial of the 2nd middle name
(if any) followed by a period.
For example: Jones, J.R.W.; Smith, J.
Format 2: Last name, a comma, a space, first
name, middle name, 2nd middle name.
For example: Jones, John Richard William
Smith, Luke C; Doe, J. Mark
Use a carriage return or semicolon and space to
separate authors.
TITLE: Title of journal article or chapter in a book.
The first letter of nouns and verbs should be
capitalized. An @ in front of the leading letter
of a word will insure that the letter is not
converted to lower case (e.g. @DNA will not be
converted to dNA).
SOURCE: Enter the name of the journal or book. The
first letter of nouns and verbs should be
capitalized. Journal abbreviations should be
followed by periods (e.g. N. Engl. J. Med.).
YEAR: Enter the year as four digits (e.g. 1977).
VOLUME: Enter the volume number in Arabic numerals
(e.g. 12 or 111).
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3by5 Chapter 14
PAGES: Enter the page numbers (Arabic numerals)
separated by a hyphen. (e.g. 23-29). If there
is only one page it must be entered as two (e.g.
22-22). If the pages field is left blank, then no
page numbers are transferred to the reformatted
reference.
PUB_CO: Enter the Publisher's name.
PUB_LOC: Enter the location of the publisher (e.g.
Reading, Mass.).
EDITORS: Enter the names of the editors of a book using
the same format as that used for authors.
EDITION#: Enter the edition number in arabic numerals
(e.g. 33). The edition number may range from 1
to 99.
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REFERENCE MANAGER
USING THE REFERENCE MANAGER TO PREPARE
A BIBLIOGRAPHY
The preferred method of using the reference manager is to
direct your reformatted references to another file. This
file is usually a WordPerfect, WordStar or ASCII file
(although it could be a 3by5 file or the printer). The
output file can be incorporated into your manuscript and
edited as needed.
The steps for copying reformatted references are:
STEP 1
Open your Reference Style File and select the format that
you want to use. For example, open REFSTYLE.3X5 as the
first file. Press [U] for the Utilities Command. Then
press [R] for the Reference Manager. Select file 1 and
then select record 9 (Science format).
After you have retrieved the reference format you may
close the Reference Style File so that you can open a
maximum number of reference files. This step is an
option. You may keep the Reference Style File open if
you want.
STEP 2
Open one or more source reference files. For example
open REF.3X5. This file (or files) will be the source of
your references.
STEP 3
Open an output file. For example open "TEST.REF" as a
file. When the program cannot locate the file, it will ask
you whether you want to build it. Type [Y]. It will then
ask you whether it is a 3by5 file. Press [N]. It will build
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3by5 Chapter 14
the file and ask you the file type.
Select the file type. The program will then ask:
Numbered reference file? (Y/N) N
Press [Y] if you want the references numbered.
If you specify that the references are numbered, the
following questions will be asked:
First, the program will ask whether there are less than
100 references in the output file. This question allows
the program to indent the reference numbers appropriately.
Press [Y] or [N].
Next it will ask whether there is a blank line between
references. Press [Y] or [N].
Lastly, it will ask the starting number of the first
reference. Type the starting reference number (usually 1)
and press <Enter>.
Press <Esc> to return to the Main Menu.
STEP 4
The Main Menu should be present. Press [F] for the Files
Command. Then press [F] for the Fields Command. Select
the source reference file. The program will display the
fields in the file. Type only the letter of the last
field in the record and press <Enter>. (For REF.3X5 you
would type [N] <Enter>.) Only the contents of the last
field (STYLE) will be copied from the source file to any
destination file.
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REFERENCE MANAGER
STEP 5
Copy records from the source reference file to the
destination file. You may use the File Records Command
to copy a range of records or use the Search Options to
search and selectively write references to the destination
file.
After you have copied records to the destination file, you
can edit the file with your word processor. The references
may be appended to a manuscript.
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3by5 Chapter 14
SELECTING A REFERENCE STYLE
The file REFSTYLE.3X5 has numerous reference styles for
your use. You can browse through the file and should be
able to select a style that you need.
The following two paragraphs apply only to 3by5 owners:
If you cannot find a style format that you require,
Softshell will design a format for you. All you have to do
is send a sample of the reference style (from as many
journals as necessary) and a diskette with return postage.
We will design a format for you or modify the program if
needed.
The Reference Style format has changed considerably since
version 3.1, and the rules are much more complicated. For
this reason, and the fact the Reference Style codes may
change in the future, we prefer to design a format for you.
If, however, you want to design your own formats, the
information on the following pages will guide you through
the design process.
192
REFERENCE MANAGER
REFSTYLE CODES AND STRUCTURES
The following technical information is for those who want
to design their own reference formats for use with 3by5.
INTRODUCTION
The 3by5 Reference Manager was developed to handle
references for scientific publication in which 95% of
references consist of journal articles, books and chapters
within books. The Reference Manager is also used by
many users for non-scientific reference management (legal,
business, liberal arts).
References consist of one or more of the following
elements:
Authors
Title (article or chapter)
Source (journal or book)
Year (date of publication)
Volume
Pages
Publisher
Editors
Edition number
For example, a journal article consists of authors, title,
source (journal), year, volume and pages, while a book
consists of authors, source (book name), publisher, location,
editors, edition number and pages.
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3by5 Chapter 14
References have two major levels of organization:
Level one: arrangement of elements within reference. The
elements of a reference may be arranged in numerous
permutations:
Folstein S, Abbott MH, Moser R, Parfad I, Clark A,
Folstein M. Hereditary disorders of dystonic movement
- a phenocopy of Huntington's disease: lucunar infarcts
of the corpus striatum. Johns Hopkins Med J 1981;
148:104-113.
S. Folstein, M. H. Abbott, R. Moser, I. Parfad, A.
Clark, M. Folstein, Johns Hopkins Med. J. 148, 104
(1981).
Folstein, S., Abbott, M. H., Moser, R., Parfad, I.,
Clark, A. & Folstein, M. Johns Hopkins Med. J. 148,
104-113 (1981).
Folstein, S., Abbott, M. H., Moser, R., Parfad, I.,
Clark, A., & Folstein, M. (1981). Hereditary disorders
of dystonic movement - a phenocopy of Huntington's
disease: lucunar infarcts of the corpus striatum. Johns
Hopkins Med. J., 148, 104-113.
Formats consist not only of the order of elements within a
format, but the characters that separate elements: periods,
semicolons, comas, spaces etc.
Level 2: Organization of sub-elements with each element.
For example, authors may be formatted in many different
ways:
Abbott MH
M. H. Abbott
Abbott, M. H.
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REFERENCE MANAGER
Reference Style Format.
The American Psychological Association reference style is a
good example of a reference style format:
_____________________________________________________________________
JOURNAL AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION STYLE
SAMPLE Spetch, M. L., & Wilkie, D. M. (1983). Subjective shortening: A
model of pigeons' memory for event duration. Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes. 9, 14-30.
Bernstein, T. M. (1965). The careful writer: A modern guide
to English usage. New York: Atheneum.
Hartley, J. T., Harker, J. O., & Walsh, D. A. (1980). Contemporary
issues and new directions in adult development of learning and
memory. In L. W. Poon (Ed.), Aging in the 1980's: Psychological
issues (pp. 239-252). Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
FORMAT @A (@Y). @T. @S, @V, @P.~@A (@Y). @S@N. @L: @H.
@A (@Y). @T. In @E (Ed@#), @S@N (@P). @L: @H.
AU_CODE ABCDEFGHIJK
2AUconj , &
3AUconj , &
ETAL 0,0~0,0~0,0~0
TI_CODE L~L~L
SO_CODE U
VOL_CODE S~Sp. ;pp. ~Sp. ;pp.
PAGECODE
PUB_CODE
LOC_CODE
ED_CODE DEFGHIJKLCA
ED#_CODE ~ (@O ed.)~ (@O ed.)
_____________________________________________________________________
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3by5 Chapter 14
The record has 15 fields. Each field except the first
contains information for the following formats:
Journal
Book
Chapter in a book
The formats are separated by carriage returns or ~'s. For
example:
FORMAT @A (@Y). @T. @S, @V, @P.~@A (@Y). @S@N. @L: @H.
@A (@Y). @T. In @E (Ed@#), @S@N (@P). @L: @H.
The journal format (@A (@Y). @T. @S, @V, @P.) is
separated by a ~ from the book format (@A (@Y). @S@N.
@L: @H.) which is separated by a carriage return from the
chapter format
(@A (@Y). @T. In @E (Ed@#), @S@N (@P). @L: @H.).
JOURNAL (FIELD A)
This field lists the journal, journals or organization that
uses the format specified in the record. In the above
example the organization is the American Psychological
Association. This format is used by many journals.
SAMPLE (FIELD B)
This field contains sample references. The purpose of the
field is to allow you to pick a journal that has the same
reference style as the one you are looking for, or one that
is similar so that you can create a new Reference Style
Format.
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REFERENCE MANAGER
FORMAT (FIELD C)
This field contains the level 1 (general) format of the
reference. The format for journals, books, and book
chapters are included in this field. Each is separated by a
carriage return or ~.
The following symbols are used:
@A = Author field
@T = Title field (journal article or book chapter)
@S = Source field (journal or book)
@Y = Year field
@V = Volume field
@P = Page field
@H = Publisher (publishing house)
@L = Location of publisher
@E = Editors
@# = Number of editors
@N = Edition number
Where one of these symbols appears, the contents of the
appropriate field will be placed. Any other characters in
the Format Field are included directly in the reference
(e.g. periods, colons, spaces, and abbreviations such as
Vol.).
In the APA example, the Format Code for a journal article
is "@A (@Y). @T. @S, @V, @P." The authors are placed
first, followed by a space; then an opening parenthesis,
the year of publication, a closing parenthesis, a period and
a space, next the title followed by a period and a space;
then the source (in this case journal), a period, space and
the volume number, comma, space; finally, the page
numbers and a period.
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3by5 Chapter 14
AU_CODE (FIELD D)
The AU_CODE field specifies the order in which each
author's name will be printed. The elements of each
author's name are:
A Last name
B comma
C space
D First initial
E period
F space
G Second initial
H period
I space
J Third initial
K period
L space
M reserved
N reserved
O First name
P Middle name
Q Additional middle name
For example:
_____________________________________________________________________
A BCDEFGHIJKL
| |||||||||||
Jones, R. F. G.
_____________________________________________________________________
A is the last name "Jones"; B is the comma after the name
Jones, C is the space after the comma and so on.
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REFERENCE MANAGER
THE NAME OF EACH AUTHOR MUST BE ENTERED
INTO A REFERENCE RECORD IN THE ABOVE
FORMAT, EXCEPT THAT THE SPACES BETWEEN
INITIALS ARE NOT INCLUDED. THE REFERENCE
MANAGER ADDS THESE TO THE NAME.
In the above example the author's name would be entered
as "Jones, R.F.G." and the program would expand it to
"Jones, R. F. G.".
2AUconj (FIELD E) Two Authors
This field specifies the punctuation and conjunction used to
join authors in a reference when there are only two
authors. For example:
Spetch, M.L., & Wilke, D.M.
Abbritton, Robert B. and Jarol B. Menheim
It is important to include spaces in the field. In the APA
format, the 2AUconj = ", & ". The conjunction "&" is
followed by one space. In the second example there is a
space before and after the conjunction "&".
3AUconj (FIELD F) Three or more Authors
This field specifies the punctuation and conjunction used to
join the last author to the other authors in a reference.
It is important to include spaces in the field. In the APA
format, the conjunction format for 3 or more authors is
the same as for 2.
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3by5 Chapter 14
ETAL (FIELD G)
This field consists of two digits separated by a comma.
The first digit indicates the number of authors allowed in a
reference before using the abbreviation et al. and the
second digit indicates the number of authors to be placed
before the et al. For example, the code "3,1" indicates
that if a reference has more than three authors, the
abbreviation et al. should be used. The 1 indicates that
the first author's name will be printed before inserting et
al. The code "3,2" would print the first and second
authors' names before inserting et al.
TI_CODE (FIELD H)
This field contains one of three codes:
L: All letters of the title will be converted to lower case
except for the first letter of the title. Any upper case
letter preceded by a "@" symbol will always be in
upper case. The "@" symbol will not be included. For
example: "Modern art in the USA" would be converted
to "Modern art in the uSA", while "Modern art in the
@USA" would be converted to "Modern art in the
USA".
A: The title will be included as is (i.e. no modification of
the title) in the reference record.
N: The title will not be included.
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REFERENCE MANAGER
SO_CODE (FIELD I)
The first letter of the Source Code field contains one of
two codes:
A: Include the source as it is in the reference record.
For example: "J. Wildl. Manage." for Journal of
Wildlife Management.
D: Delete periods after abbreviations unless the period is
preceded by a "@" symbol. For example: "J Wildl
Manage" for Journal of Wildlife Management.
The second letter of the Journal Code Field may be a "U"
that indicates that the journal should be underlined.
For example, the code "AU" indicates that the journal
name is to be printed as it is (with periods after
abbreviations) and it will be underlined.
The 3by5 Reference Manager cannot abbreviate Journal
names automatically. If you enter a journal as "Journal of
Wildlife Management", it cannot be automatically converted
to "J. Wildl. Manage."
VOL_CODE (FIELD J)
The Volume Code field can be blank or it can contain a
"B" to indicate that the volume will be printed in bold.
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3by5 Chapter 14
PAG_CODE (FIELD K)
The Page Code Field can contain one of three commands:
S: Standard page format. First page, a hyphen and the
last page. For example: 836-839.
F: First page only. For example: 836.
C: Compress the last page. For example: 836-9.
PUB_CODE (FIELD L)
The Publisher Code field is reserved for future use.
LOC_CODE (FIELD M)
The Location Code field is reserved for future use.
ED_CODE (FIELD N)
The Editor Code field specifies the order in which each
editor's name will be printed. The Editor Codes are the
same as those used for the Author Code field. Note that
in the example of the APA format, the Author Code
(ABCDEFGHIJK) is different than the Editor Code
(DEFGHIJKLCA).
ED#_CODE (FIELD O)
The Edition Number Code field specifies the way in which
the edition number of a book will be printed. Editions
numbers can be converted to ordinal format (e.g. 1st, 2nd,
3rd, 4th) by using the code @O. In the APA format the
Edition Number Code " @O ed." will be converted to " 1st
ed.", " 2nd ed.", " 3rd ed.", " 4th ed.", etc.
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REFERENCE MANAGER
This page reserved for notes.
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3by5 Chapter 14
204